C++ Pertanyaan dan Jawaban Wawancara
Perbedaan terkait
Ques 106. What is class invariant?
A class invariant is a condition that defines all valid states for an object. It is a logical condition to ensure the correct working of a class. Class invariants must hold when an object is created, and they must be preserved under all operations of the class. In particular all class invariants are both preconditions and post-conditions for all operations or member functions of the class.
Ques 107. What do you mean by Stack unwinding?
It is a process during exception handling when the destructor is called for all local objects between the place where the exception was thrown and where it is caught.
Ques 108. Define precondition and post-condition to a member function.
Precondition: A precondition is a condition that must be true on entry to a member function. A class is used correctly if preconditions are never false. An operation is not responsible for doing anything sensible if its precondition fails to hold. For example, the interface invariants of stack class say nothing about pushing yet another element on a stack that is already full. We say that isful() is a precondition of the push operation. Post-condition: A post-condition is a condition that must be true on exit from a member function if the precondition was valid on entry to that function. A class is implemented correctly if post-conditions are never false. For example, after pushing an element on the stack, we know that isempty() must necessarily hold. This is a post-condition of the push operation.
Ques 109. What are the conditions that have to be met for a condition to be an invariant of the class?
* The condition should hold at the end of every constructor.
* The condition should hold at the end of every mutator (non-const) operation.
Ques 110. What are proxy objects?
Objects that stand for other objects are called proxy objects or surrogates.
template <class t="">
class Array2D
{
public:
class Array1D
{
public:
T& operator[] (int index);
const T& operator[] (int index)const;
};
Array1D operator[] (int index);
const Array1D operator[] (int index) const;
};
The following then becomes legal:
Array2D<float>data(10,20);
cout<<data[3][6]; // fine
Here data[3] yields an Array1D object and the operator [] invocation on that object yields the float in position(3,6) of the original two dimensional array. Clients of the Array2D class need not be aware of the presence of the Array1D class. Objects of this latter class stand for one-dimensional array objects that, conceptually, do not exist for clients of Array2D. Such clients program as if they were using real, live, two-dimensional arrays. Each Array1D object stands for a one-dimensional array that is absent from a conceptual model used by the clients of Array2D. In the above example, Array1D is a proxy class. Its instances stand for one-dimensional arrays that, conceptually, do not exist.
Most helpful rated by users:
- What is C++?
- What is function overloading and operator overloading?
- What is the difference between declaration and definition?
- How do you find out if a linked-list has an end? (i.e. the list is not a cycle)
- What is the difference between realloc() and free()?